Congenital Deformities

Congenital deformities are structural or functional abnormalities that are present at birth. They occur due to abnormal development of body parts during fetal life.

Causes:

1. Genetic factors – Chromosomal abnormalities or inherited gene defects.

2. Environmental factors – Maternal infections (e.g., rubella), exposure to harmful drugs, alcohol, radiation, or chemicals during pregnancy.

3. Nutritional deficiency – Especially lack of folic acid.

4. Maternal health problems – Such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, etc.

Examples:

• Cleft lip and palate

• Clubfoot

• Spina bifida

• Congenital heart defects

• Polydactyly (extra fingers or toes)

Prevention:

• Regular antenatal check-ups

• Taking folic acid supplements before and during pregnancy

• Avoiding harmful drugs, smoking, and alcohol

• Immunization to prevent maternal infections